Seaweed harvesting
Seaweeds are home to many invertebrates that are prey for arthropods and marine birds, and high collection rates of seaweeds have been reported to alter the equilibrium of coastal ecosystems. For instance, the harvest of wild kelp in Norway was found to be detrimental to fish abundance and to the foraging efficiency of birds (Lorentsen et al., 2010).
Seaweed cultivation and eutrophicated water management
In integrated fish farming systems, seaweeds can remove up to 90% of the nutrient discharge from an intensive fish farm. Seaweed cultivation can alleviate eutrophication problems due to aquaculture or to wastewater discharges (Lüning et al., 2003; Merrill, 1996).