High inputs crop
Wheat grown in intensive systems requires high levels of inputs, including herbicides, pesticides, mechanical power and fertilizers (N and K). These requirements may result in N leaching and water contamination with nitrates and residues (Clay, 2004).
Other issues
In some areas, wheat cultivation may result in soil erosion and soil salinization (when wheat is irrigated). Introducing wheat can occasionally require deforestation, resulting in biodiversity losses (Clay, 2004; Runge, 1994).
Genetically modified wheat
As of February 2013, no genetically modified wheat has been made commercially available. Research on GM wheat is being carried out in Europe and in the USA in order to develop wheat resistant to glyphosate and fungal diseases, and that has enhanced baking properties (GMO Compass, 2010).