Waste reduction
Feeding cull tomatoes to animals is one of the means to mitigate the environmental issues caused by the disposal of large amounts of fresh, easily spoiled fruits. Cull tomatoes should be disposed of as far away from production fields as possible to prevent contamination by pests and diseases (Schuster et al., 2006).
GM tomatoes
Genetically modified tomatoes containing a gene preventing the accumulation of polygalacturonase, an enzyme involved in the ripening process, were released in the mid-1990s, first as fresh fruits and then as tomato paste. These products were eventually commercial failures and, after an initial success, the GM tomato paste was removed from the market in 1999. In 2011, there were no GM tomatoes on the market (Bruening et al., 2000; GMO Compass, 2006).